Wal-Mart Ethics Case

Wal-Mart is the largest grocery chain in the world, second largest company on Fortune’s 500 2012 list, and the largest employer in North America. Wal-Mart is faced with many dilemmas and issues that can be expected of such a large and imposing organization. These problems include environmental issues, employee’s issues, leadership issues, supplier issues and creating an uncompetitive market. This is not an exhaustive list, and Wal-Mart has other dilemmas as well, but this paper will concentrate on the issues involving Wal-Mart interaction with employees and the problems Wal-Mart faces with them.Wal-Mart employees’ relations have been a dilemma for various reasons. One reason is that Wal-Mart has been criticized for not paying a decent wage or providing enough benefits. Another issue that Wal-Mart has with employee relations is Wal-Mart’s stance as not allowing any unions in Wal-Mart stores. Wal-Mart has also faced problems with discrimination and the allow ed hiring of illegal immigrants. All of these are a dilemma for Wal-Mart because it is such a large employer and is well respected by other employers.This puts Wal-Mart in a corporate leadership position and the way in which Wal-Mart handles situations with employees is viewed by other corporations as potential solutions to their employee problems. This is also dilemma for Wal-Mart because it is such a large employer and its decisions affect a great number of people. Wal-Mart employs over 1. 4 million people in the United States alone, encompassing 1% of the U. S. work force. At the same time Wal-Mart wants to remain the low-cost leader in the grocery and box stores market.The conflicting forces that Wal-Mart must try to balance are maintaining their leadership aspect while maintaining healthy relationships with employees and customers. There are many stakeholders involved in this dilemma. These stakeholders include Wal-Mart’s employees, Wal-Mart customers, Wal-Mart’s competitors, and the unions. All of these stakeholders have the ability to influence decision concerning employee welfare, within the organization, as well as being influenced by those decisions. The first stakeholder mentioned is the employees for Wal-Mart.Employees are considered supportive stakeholder for the most part, although they can also be considered mixed. This stakeholder is important because Wal-Mart employees so many people, but it is also important because Wal-Mart wishes to stay competitive in the market place. One way to stay competitive is by recruiting good and hardworking employees who are invested and engaged in their work. Otherwise the employee retention will be low, and the work performed will be substandard. This stakeholder is important also because Wal-Mart’s reputation and commitment to low prices.One way to maintain low prices is by maintaining costs that permit these low prices. One way to keep costs down is to keep wages down and provide lower co sting benefits. At the same time, one significant way to retain employees and ensure they are invested in their work environment is by paying them fair wages and providing essential benefits. Wal-Mart employees are also an important stakeholder because Wal-Mart has developed a reputation as being discriminatory in their hiring practices and use of illegal workers.This is important for Wal-Mart, because once again a negative reputation can make it hard to recruit and retain workers. It is also important because a negative reputation can spur litigation and lawsuits that can be initially somewhat costly and end up becoming a burdensome expense, as out of court settlements tend to large. These legal proceedings also garner new headlines and the negative publicity can negatively affect sales, and recruiting efforts. The publication of these problems can also embolden the unions who want to break into and unionize Wal-Mart’s employees.The problem with illegal aliens being used in the work force is a dilemma not only because Wal-Mart can face the cost of fines for breaking the law, but also because Wal-Mart already has a reputation as being bad for the American worker. It has been shown that Wal-Mart is the reason that some companies that supply Wal-Mart with goods, have moved their manufacturing overseas to keep labor and production costs down, and to be better able to maintain their supplier relationship with Wal-Mart. This has caused the loss of jobs in the United States, with the perception that Wal-Mart has no concern about the American worker.Wal-Mart using illegal workers could be perceive as Wal-Mart being only concerned about saving money, and once again denying American workers from jobs. This is also looked on negatively in the current political environment where illegal workers are such a hot topic and unemployment is high. Another stakeholder in these situations is the Wal-Mart customer. The Wal-Mart customer is considered supportive, and Wal-Mar t tries to keep it this way. The customer is an important stakeholder because essentially they are the reason that Wal-Mart exists.Wal-Mart basically provides the facility of easing customer access to goods and services. Customers have a choice in this very competitive market environment and can find the same goods and services elsewhere, as Wal-Mart offers few exclusives on either of these. Wal-Mart does provide a presumed lower cost marketplace, and will match cost of competitors which is viewed as desirable traits from consumers. Still consumers will not continue to patronize organizations they feel are mistreating their employees and are using discriminatory practices in hiring and advancement.Wal-Mart has to maintain a reputation as being a good employer that has genuine concern about it employees and that is also dedicated in being fair in its labor practices. Otherwise customers will go elsewhere for their goods and services, even if they pay a little more. Consumers will no longer support companies that they feel are lacking in proper ethics, because the consumer feels that it will only be a matter of time before the company manages to treat them unfairly.Current consumers are especially proficient at the decision between saving money with one company, and supporting a more sustainable company even if it means spending more. This proficiency comes from facing this decision on a daily basis, and the ease of accessing information. So far, even with some well publicized discriminatory cases, Wal-Mart has been able to retain a strong customer base. Consumers will tend to give companies some benefit of a doubt, especially when it comes to saving money, but this cannot be viewed as a reason to willfully negligent in employee hiring practices.After all, a consumer boycott is only one corporate scandal away. Therefore, the customers can be considered the most important stakeholder, because without them Wal-Mart would cease operations. Another stakeholder invol ved in this case are Wal-Mart’s competitors, like Target, Kmart, Home Depot, etc. , who look at Wal-Mart as a leader in their market. Wal-Mart competitors are neutral because they are more concerned with their own operations than with Wal-Mart’s operations.The decisions that Wal-Mart makes concerning their employees are seen as opportunities to exploit or as problems. These decisions could be opportunities because decisions made in a positive light could be reviewed and possibly adopted by the competition. Whereas decisions made that reflect Wal-Mart negatively can be criticized by the competition and as a recruiting tool. Wal-Mart decisions with employees can also be problematic to competition because their decisions can force unwanted changes into the competitor’s organization. For example, if Wal-Mart changed ts viewpoint about unions it could have great impact throughout the box chain world giving unions leverage to be able to break into other store brands. The final stakeholders in Wal-Mart’s employee welfare situation are unions. Unions are considered an unsupportive stakeholder. The unions have a stake in this situation because their existence is based on membership, their fees, and continued support. Wal-Mart is very opposed to ever accepting a union in their work environment. Wal-Mart feels that it treats it employees fairly enough and a union would only complicate things.Unions see Wal-Mart as the great mountain to climb, and getting Wal-Mart workers to unionize would give the unions a large base of employees to their membership ranks, and leverage through the retail industry. Unionizing Wal-Mart would not necessary be all positive, as the unions would now be presented with a relationship with large market and an adversarial attitude towards them. The relationship between these stakeholders can be contentious. Consumers want to support organizations that treat workers fairly, but public support for unions is rather low (20 10 Pew Poll places it at 41%).Wal-Mart also does not view unions favorably. The relationship between Wal-Mart and employees can be difficult at times also, but the relationship is mostly mutually beneficial for the majority of employees. The stakeholder with the most power is the customers because they still hold purchasing power over Wal-Mart. Customers could easily find other places to go to and buy goods, and therefore customers hold the most leverage over Wal-Mart. The stakeholder with the most to win would be the unions, because breaking the Wal-Mart wall would greatly heighten the power of the unions.The stakeholders with the greatest potential to lose are the employees because at this time and point Wal-Mart has the leverage of possible employment during such tough economic times. Employees may actually lose out on potential wage and benefit gains because of the economic downturn, and Wal-Mart has jobs and is one of the few companies with expansion plans in these times. To im prove the situation with the employees and the public perception of Wal-Mart, the organization could attempt two corrective measures.The first proposal would be for Wal-Mart to start an employee appreciation and welfare camps in their stores. This would be through employee only contests or having a shopping day where employees get extra markdowns. This would make Wal-Mart a more popular place to work at, and could be considered a cheaper alternative to raising wages and improved benefits. Some employees might see these as cheap ploys to improve employee morale, but it could be quite popular. Another corrective measure would be a public relations campaign in which Wal-Mart explains to the public the benefits of working at Wal-Mart.This P. R. campaign would show Wal-Mart as an employer of choice, that people enjoy working for the company, and that Wal-Mart is a great place to work at. This campaign could help sway the public in favor of Wal-Mart and also convey the message that Wal-Ma rt doesn’t need unions and employee unrest is unfounded. The campaign could also show employees of differing backgrounds, gender, ages, ethnicities, capabilities and colors, thus displaying that Wal-Mart employs all types of people. My recommendation would be to go with the public relations campaign.This could prove to be the most beneficial, because the customers are the most important stakeholders in this situation. Also good public relations could help the bottom line of the company, but also make employees feel good about working there. It would keep the union at bay, and keep competitors on their toes because they would now have to compete with a Wal-Mart that people actually liked. Bibliography Blodget, Henry. â€Å"Wal-Mart Employs 1% of America. Should it be Forced to Pay it Employees More. † BusinessInsider. om. Business Insider, Inc. 10 Sep 2010. Web. Accessed 24 Nov 2012. http://articles. businessinsider. com/2010-09-20/news/30081785_1_minimum-wage-real-wage s-employees Ferrell, O. C. et al. â€Å"Wal-Mart: The Future of Sustainability. † Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Carnegie Learning. South-Western:Mason, OH. 9th ed. 2011. Surowicki, James. â€Å"State of the Unions. † New Yorker. Conde Nast. 17 Jan 2011. Web. Acessed 26 Nov 2012. http://www. newyorker. com/talk/financial/2011/01/17/110117ta_talk_surowiecki

Descriptive Essay Final Copy

I grab my bag and a hair-tie from the vanity on my way Out the door, tying my waist-length brown hair in a knot as I hurry down the stairs. My nana stands at the stove, stirring the pot of gravy she is making for breakfast. Behind her stands my papaw, playfully yanking her ponytail every time she turns around. At first glance one would think that they make an odd couple, with my nana being only five feet tall, with fox-red hair and hazel green eyes, in near perfect contrast to my papaw who is a large man, standing nearly six foot four, with eyes the color of the sky and white air that was once jet black.But as they laugh and play standing there in the kitchen, I know this place would mean nothing if they were any different. I slip on my boots at the door, and run across the field to the old wooden barn, its red has long faded, and the metal door handles are covered with rust. Reach out and grab the rusty handle and pull, hearing the ancient hinges creak and groan as the door opens. W alking into the barn can smell the fresh hay, and the lingering smell of the old moonshine still that sits in the corner, unattended for years, but left for the antique look.I climb the ladder to the loft, and wade through the piles of hay until reach the little door that opens onto the roof. Climb out onto the roof and walk to the end of the barn. There sit down, my leg hanging over the edge of the black shingled roof. I sit and watch as the deer run across the field, and as the train go by down next to the river. Reach in my bag and pull out my sketch pad and charcoals. I draw everything I see, the river, the birds, and the mountains. After I finish, climb down and run to the house; pause at the door, leaning own to pull off my boots.I open the door, and step into the kitchen, the floor is warm from the heat of the old white stove, causing tiny droplets of condensation to form on the speckled blue wallpaper. Nana has already set the table, her faded blue and white china resting in front of three chairs on the blue table cloth that covers the deep brown oak table. On each plate sit two biscuits, golden and gleaming with butter, accompanied by sausage and fried eggs. Grab the pot from the Stove and ladle the thick, creamy gravy onto everyone's plates.The steam rises from each plate like a plume of smoke from a tiny fire, taking with it the wonderful smell of my nana's cooking. As we sit down to eat, we join hands and my papaw gives the blessing; thanking God for the food he has provided on this day, and for forty years h?s had with the wonderful woman who cooked it. See my nana smile with love for my papaw, her head still bowed in prayer as we say ‘amen. ‘ As we raise our heads, I smile too, knowing that this place is filled with love and laughter and always will be.

Week 10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 10 - Assignment Example In the event of a financial collapse it is seen that international trade will take a nose dive majorly because some of the large financial movers in the world are depended upon by other smaller countries. At the same time housing will stop thriving. The boom that is there for real property will go down majorly because interest rates will affect the desire for property as they will prove to be out of reach. The prices of goods are also seen to take a low turn as it is rather evident that people will not need them. The financial stocks will be a clear representation of this. The dollar, the world’s most relied on currency will also weaken in relation to other currencies and in the course of this cause the prices of other goods to drop. Previous experiences and events can also go a long way in shaping the financial decisions that can be made. The way a particular country behaves in the international scene when it comes to the financial scene can go a long way in establishing the predictability of the global financial situation if not the local one. Take the case of the United States for example. It is seen that the country accounts for nearly 25 per cent of the total global GDP. When a country of such significant influence in the world gets shaken in its economy then this would prove to be an indicator of the ensuing financial condition. What ought to be done in this case is that investors should be very much wary of the giant financial controllers of the world say China and the United States. In this same connection also the Central Banks of the various countries that are there may play a rather significant role in the aversion of the effects of the global financial problems through the slashing of interest rates but the effect of this is not much felt as it was before. The countries of the world, should stop being dependent on one particular consumer when it comes to their exports. In this case they mostly depend on the United States.

Impact of Pearl Harbor Attack on the Outcome of World War II Essay

Impact of Pearl Harbor Attack on the Outcome of World War II - Essay Example Moreover, the Japanese wanted to destroy the confidence of the Americans and dispirit them from taking their war to Dutch East Indies and the Eastern Pacific ocean. Japan did not want any country to interfere with it in its conquest of the Southeast Asia. During the attack, Japan targeted the prestigious battleships of the US navy to completely dishearten them from interfering with their mission. The results of the attack were devastating as American lives were lost and the American ships were destroyed and sunk and their planes destroyed on the ground. However, it was not as devastating as the Japanese expected. Some ships were rescued and repaired since they were attacked while on shallow water. Moreover, most of the crew was not in the ships and those injured were rescued through the harbor. Moreover, some American aircraft carriers were not destroyed as they were not on the harbor on that day (Tames 17). The United States and Japan had been having negotiations in order to stop Ja pan from continuing to expand aggressively in Asia. However, the negotiations did not progress well as Japan did not want to give in to the US demands. Therefore, in order to get the United States out of their way, they launched a surprise attack using two battleships, six aircraft carriers, two heavy cruisers, nine destroyers, three submarines and one light cruiser. After the attacks, the US officially joined the World War II and declared war on Japan. They joined the war to avenge the losses they had incurred in terms of human lives and ships (Tames 23). The attacks on Pearl Harbor greatly affected the outcome of World War II. The United States, a very powerful nation, was not involved in the... The United States and Japan had been having negotiations in order to stop Japan from continuing to expand aggressively in Asia. However, the negotiations did not progress well as Japan did not want to give in to the US demands. Therefore, in order to get the United States out of their way, they launched a surprise attack using two battleships, six aircraft carriers, two heavy cruisers, nine destroyers, three submarines and one light cruiser. After the attacks, the US officially joined the World War II and declared war on Japan. They joined the war to avenge the losses they had incurred in terms of human lives and ships (Tames 23). The attacks on Pearl Harbor greatly affected the outcome of World War II. The United States, a very powerful nation, was not involved in the war at first. But after the attacks on Pearl Harbor, the US became actively involved and helped the allies to subdue their enemies. Their involvement ensured the defeat of Germany and Japan. Germany had been the major power in Europe while in Asia, Japan had held that position. The Soviet Union and the United states became the major world powers with the defeat of Germany and Japan and after Great Britain, France and China were financially exhausted and devastated by the war (Tames 29). The entry of the United States into World War II after Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor significantly impacted on the outcome of the war.

Law for Licensed Premises Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law for Licensed Premises - Assignment Example Liquor licenses refer to license issued to different types of premises to sell to authorize them sell alcohol to the public. It is under the regulation of Northern Ireland and is applicable to twelve types of premises (Hutter, 2011). The applicant of liquor license should deposit the application form to the court and ascertain they are qualified to hold liquor licenses and that the premises are suitable for the sale of alcohol. These are; hotels, off-licenses, guest houses, pubs, higher education institutions, restaurants, non-sea-going vessels, conference centres, indoor arenas, refreshment rooms available in public transport facilities, seamen’s canteens and places of public entertainment (Crown, 2018). The licensing laws imposes penalty to license holders for the breach of licensing requirements, the licensee, should have age checking policy to prohibit people of underage from taking alcohol and request for display of documents appropriate to prove the age and PSNI can with draw the license if the premise owners engage in activities that deem to encourage excessive drinking (Crown, 2013). Apart from the liquor policies the following activities will require the operator to acquire a license before they are authorized to sell conduct those activities. These include dancing facilities, live music, theatre performance, dance, showing film, making music facilities, indoor sporting event, selling food and beverages between 11pm and 5am and boxing or wrestling (Martin, 2006).

Sonnet 130 vs. Dim Lady Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sonnet 130 vs. Dim Lady - Essay Example We find in both poems how the man finds something special from his loved one. Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 130† is in iambic pentameter. It has a rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg. Lines one and three uses the words, â€Å"sun† and â€Å"dun†, lines two and four make use of â€Å"red† and â€Å"head†, lines five and seven â€Å"white† and â€Å"delight†, lines six and eight â€Å"cheeks† and â€Å"reeks†, lines nine and eleven â€Å"know† and â€Å"go†, lines ten and twelve â€Å"sound† and â€Å"ground†, and lines thirteen and fourteen â€Å"rare† and â€Å"compare†. The sentences used by Shakespeare are not choppy and the sentence structures are smooth flowing. Flowery language is not employed; in fact, it is contrary to the usual conventions of love poetry. Mullen’s â€Å"Dim Lady† on the other hand, does not have a rhyme scheme. There is no meter and verse l ineation unlike â€Å"Sonnet 130† The level of diction used by Mullen is slang in a way and more contemporary. She used the words â€Å"peepers† to mean eyes, â€Å"noggin† to mean head and â€Å"mug† to mean face. She also used commercial brands to compare the physical characteristics of the woman. Brands such as Shakey’s, Slinky, Liquid Paper, Muzak, Twinkie and Red Lobster were used. Several similes and metaphors are used in both poems.

Managing marketing relationships Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Managing marketing relationships - Article Example Finally, revenue does not necessarily increase with time for all types of customers (Reinartz & Kumar, 2000). But relationship marketing still has been adopted with aim to: build grater customer loyalty and relation; develop methods of creating longer term relationships; Lead ultimately to increase sales and profits. To build up customer loyalty, three kinds of marketing tools were designed: economic, psychological (creating links) and structural (partnerships) (Berry and Parasumaran, 1991). In order to increase loyalty relationship marketing has came into existence.Relationship marketing has been defined by Gronroos (1990, 1991, 1994) who has consistently argued for the importance of ensuring that relationships with customers should be continuously developed: "Marketing is to establish, maintain and enhance relationships with customers and other partners, at a profit, so that the objectives of the parties involve are met. This is achieved by a Mutual exchange and fulfillment of prom ises." Gronroos argues that all marketing strategies lie on a continuum ranging from transactional to relational marketing where relationship marketing can be judged in terms of measures of customer retention rather than marketing share. RM requires the effective acquisition and retention of customers for the building of a more efficient operation and ultimately, a stronger competitive position. Now being familiar with a bank doing retail banking in the country, and having 500 branches and over 2 million customers. I will try to discuss the relationship marketing strategies for the particular bank. It is an important aspect of retail banking to... The reasoning behind retaining the customer is simple i.e. if we want to be profitable and increase it, hold on to the good customers. To identify the good customers’ bank has divided the customers in several tiers in terms of profitability and that these tiers often have quite different service expectations and needs. According to Valarie Zeithaml, Roland Rust and Katharine Lemony (2001) it’s critical that organizations must understand the needs of customers. Customers within different profitability tiers and adjust their service level accordingly. Bank has developed customers around various levels of contribution, different needs (including sensitivities to such variables as price, comfort and speed) and identifiable personal profiles such as demographics. Bank has stratified its customers according to their requirements. At the top level, customers, who constitute a very small percentage of a bank’s customer’ base. They are heavy users of services and c ontribute a large share of the profits generated in the bank. Typically this segment is relatively less price sensitive but expects highest service levels in return and is likely to willing to invest in and try new services. The next tier forms a larger percentage of customers than the top one’s and contributes less profit to the bank in comparison to top ones. They tend to be slightly more price sensitive and less committed to the firm. The third level of customers provides the bulk of customer base.

Comparison and contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Comparison and contrast - Research Paper Example This is due to various reasons to be covered later in the paper. In this paper, we shall compare and contrast variations between the Twilight book by Stephanie Meyer and the twilight movie. The twilight saga is a series of young fantasy of a young girl who falls in love with a vampire. It was in 2005 that Stephanie Meyers published the twilight saga as the first part of the series in hardcopy. It was among the many nominations as the best selling book in the States. Later director Catherine Hardwicke adapted a film from the novel Twilight and released it on November 8, 2008 (Baptiste 10). The young seventeen year old girl, Bella Swan falls in love with a handsome young vampire, Edward Cullen. Their relationship is faced by many challenges due to the fact that Bella is human and Edward is a vampire. Edward has to fight off the urge to hurt Bells due to the blood scent (Meyer 42). There also exists a feud between the vampires and the wolves. In the wolf territory a young and handsome man falls in love with Bella too. But their love scene is dwelled more in the next series which is the new moon. In this first series, Bella finds out that she is in trouble from a vampire tracker, James. She attends a vampire baseball game and from that time James hunts for her blood. The vampire family attempt to save Bella from James, but finally he catches her. Later on they save her and kill James. Edward then promises to love her and take care of her as long they are together. It is a romantic young love story basically but with fiction about vampires. This is the saga we are going t o analyze the comparison of plot development of the book and the movie. Some reasons why the movies may be disappointed would be due to various reasons. There could be changes, omissions, additions and many more. In the Twilight movie a lot of things do not match along with the book. In most movies this is done to give the movie the proper length. This is especially the omissions of

Interracial Marriage Essay Example for Free

Interracial Marriage Essay Marriage has been a union between a man and a woman for over hundreds of years. Whether or not it was their choice depended on what time period we were living in. There was a time when young women were promised to older men in order to keep their families in good reverence. There was even a time when a marriage was planned from the moment two wealthy, royal families popped out a boy and a girl. However, today it is mainly that man and woman’s choice, because they simply long to be with one another for the rest of their lives. If they do, however, change their minds, there is always divorce. So what if someone told you that you could not marry someone based on the color of their skin? Times have changed and that should no longer attribute to why a man and a woman should not be brought together in holy union. Be that as it may, some citizens of today’s society are willing to retrogress; losing sight of how much America went through in order to obtain the right of interracial marriage. Most people would think that the only type of marriage that is at threat of being condemned as illegal is gay marriage, but that is wrong. There are actually a few states that would also have interracial marriage as illegal. The Atlantic Wire states that â€Å"about 60 percent of these Southern Republicans are hearkening back to a time†¦when the American mainstream overwhelmingly looked down on people with different shades of skin getting married.† Like afore mentioned, marriage is a choice between two people not an entire government. Not only are we going back in time by making interracial marriage illegal, but we are also violating people’s rights. This violates the constitution! The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal rights to all American citizens especially the inclusion of African Americans who were not before. If we take away the right of interracial marriage, we will be segregating a whole group of people from our society. Today’s generation holds millions of interracial children, teenagers, and adults. How will they ever get the opportunity to reproduce and find love if they are limited to someone with the same racial background? For example, if a male is a combination of Hawaiian, African-American, and Chinese, how likely will the chances be to find another individual exactly like him? It seems irrational and  animal-like. We are not separate species that will only mate upon a mating call or by a trigger of hormones; we are human beings for crying out loud. Segregation ended years ago, no one wants to go back to a time where we were forced to drink from separate drinking fountains. One might think that this speculation of events is rather extreme, but honestly how else will society react if we ban interracial marriage? People will still fraternize with different races and soon others will peer onto them with the same disgust they direct towards gay couples. There will be an outbreak of

Love, Death and the Changing of the Seasons Essay Example for Free

Love, Death and the Changing of the Seasons Essay The majority of poems and sonnets we have read, starting back from the first sonnet to today’s modern writers. They can be said to describe as a moment’s monument. As they describe a time of hurt, happiness or a memory in that was once enjoyed that has been put into words. I am going to discuss the meaning behind, what a moment’s monument is. I am also going to find out between two sonnets, The Forge and Love deaths and the changing of the season. Weather they answer the question â€Å"the sonnet has been described as a moment’s monument’. What is the meaning of a moment, it can mean so many things. Mainly it is described as a setting to a time in someone’s life. A moment in time that has been remembered, it could be happy, sad moment or an event that you have remember such a wedding day. Putting it into a sonnet, it can be a moment of a lost one someone is explaining. A monument is a statue, gravestone or a piece of history that can act as a record or memory for someone. For an example a gravestone is a record of a person’s death and the time they spent alive, it’s their record for people who loved them and also a way of saying â€Å"I was here. The sonnet Love deaths and the changing of the season by Marilyn Hacker can be described as a moment’s monument. The speaker of the sonnet is speaking about herself and about a moment in her life. The moment in her life that she is talking about is her loss of a lover. She is explaining the pain she has to face with letting go. The monument is the record of the tears she cried over her loss of this lover who was once there with her. This is shown in line thirteen and fourteen when she says â€Å"I drank our one year out in brine instead of honey. These lines mean she is describing the one year as drinking brine which is salt water which would cause dehydration and then sickness and eventually death, she has nothing left. When she compares brine to honey it is showing us, her life has gone from something sweet like honey, to something bitter like brine. The monument which can also be linked in this sonnet is that the death of the lover, will give them a gravestone as the record. The structure of the sonnet consists of fourteen line . The rhyme pattern can be debated of being either an Italian sonnet which the pattern the lines are divided into eight and six or English/Shakespearean which consists of the lines of three quatrains and two couplets. If it is an Italian version sonnet can be broken down the first eight lines. The first eight lines are her explaining her wanting him back. Then lines nine to fourteen is her accepting his gone and letting him go. If it is an English version sonnet it can be read as line one to four is her pain. Line five to eight is he realizing his not coming back and line nine to fourteen is her bitterness of crying over her loss. Hacker’s sonnet also allows the reader to get a language image. Some examples of this is, when she says â€Å"flood gates. † This is meaning that she is opening up her heart and letting the grief pouring out. She also says of a â€Å"gift† he left her behind, which is her way of saying bitterly he has left her with nothing but tears. Another language image is â€Å"season,† also mentioned as part of the title and mentioned in the sonnet. This can be used as she also mentions in the sonnet â€Å"winter,† which is a cold and comfortless and empty season, meaning this is how she feels with only have memories now. The metre of the poem is the standard iambic pentameter, but it is used to a good strong effect for the read as it emphasizes the main words such as in line three â€Å"stomach ache, headache and heartache, which is a good effect. As is emphasizes on the main word ache, which is another word for pain. The sonnet The Forge by Seamus Heaney can be described as a moment’s monument. The speaker in the sonnet is speaking from observation, watching the Black smith it could be someone who regularly passes by or an apprentice working with the blacksmith. The moment in time which the person watching is describing is the Blacksmith in the Forge and his every day routine of making horse shoes. This is shown in line nine when it is said â€Å"where he expends himself in shape and music†, we know this as he references to the guy as ‘he’ not ‘I’. The monument within this sonnet could also be considered a moment the lines twelve and thirteen shows a good example when it says â€Å"recalls a clatter of hoofs where traffic is flashing in rows. Demonstrating it’s a memory that a moment in time that he recorded of when the streets where once surrounded with horse and remembering the sound of their shoes clattering on the roads, but now it is taken over by car and traffic lights. The structure of the sonnet is a fourteen line sonnet. The rhyme pattern of this sonnet is an Italian sonnet. The Italian sonnets are in the pattern of lines that are divided into eight and six. It can be put lines one to eight is the person watching the daily routine completed by the Blacksmith and him going about his everyday activities. Then line nine to fourteen is the person watching the Blacksmith reminisce on the past and then getting upset and returning to his work. The poem is the normal iambic pentameter, but it is used responsively, for a good outcome. For example in the very first line we already get words like dark, which is a powerful word on its own Both The Forge and Love, Death and the changing of the seasons are sonnets that are a moment’s monument. The both describe a moment in time. Weather it is a loss of a lover or a working day. They both describe a monument a memory, traffic replacing horses or the way he use to take her in his arms.

Impacts of Heart Failure on the Body

Impacts of Heart Failure on the Body Helen McHugh Clearly Define Heart Failure. Heart failure occurs when either side of the heart cannot keep up with the flow of blood. It can involve left or right side of the heart or both. It is a combination of decreased cardiac output accompanied by impaired function of the failing heart and the compensatory mechanisms that preserve the cardiac reserve. Usually the left is involved first What organs and which body systems are affected by the disorder? Cardiovascular system – The Heart The respiratory System – The lungs, shortness of breath, chronic, non productive cough. Digestive system – Liver – becomes enlarged, unable to filter toxins and produce needed proteins. , stomach; impaired gastrointestinal function due to poor blood supply and malnutrition, accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity. Urinary System – Kidneys – fluid volume, oedema, impaired rennin,-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, nocturia(early in process) and oliguria(late sign) Integumentary system Skin and nail bed cyanosis. Pale and sweaty skin Nervous system – Brain – confusion( due to lack of oxygen to brain), sympathetic nervous system activation, anxiety, restlessness, insomnia Endochrine System – Pituatory gland (anti diuretic hormone), and adrenal glands – (aldestorone) – associated with water and sodium retention Lymphatic system – lymphoedema caused by oedema of chronic heart failure Muscular System – muscle fatigue, impaired exercise tolerance due to poor oxygen supply to muscles. (Porth Matfin, 2009) Give a brief overview of the normal function of the body systems affected by this disorder Cardiovascular/Circulatory system Comprised of heart, blood vessels and blood which work together to provide necessary nutrients to the body, removes excretory products from the body, protects the body from infection and maintains body heat. (Human anatomy, 2010) The Respiratory System The respiratory system, comprised of lungs, passages and muscles which are responsible for exchange of gases within the body and also from outside of the body. Oxygen is breathed into the body and transported to all of the parts and then carbon dioxide is breathed out. (Human Anatomy, 2010) The Nervous system The nervous system is the control centre of the body. It controls and regulates the functions of the body. The system is made of of voluntary and involuntary functions. The nervous system, comprised of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and neurons manages the body systems to work together and also for the organs to work together to create a finely tuned human body. (Human Anatomy, 2010) The Urinary System: The urinary system filters and removes waste from the body and also maintains the right balance of salt and electrolytes in the body. The urinary system is very important in controlling homeostasis in the body. It can control the volume of blood in the body to control blood pressure. ‘The kidneys produce and interact with several hormones that are involved in the control of systems outside of the urinary system’ (Taylor, 2013) Digestive system The digestive system is responsible for the process by which food and drink are broken down into their smallest parts so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and to provide energy. Integumentary System ‘Skin forms the body’s outer covering and forms a barrier to protect the body from chemicals, disease, UV light, and physical damage. Hair and nailsextend from the skin to reinforce the skin and protect it from environmental damage. Theexocrine glands of the integumentary system produce sweat, oil, and wax to cool, protect, and moisturize the skin’s surface’ (Taylor, 2013) Endocrine System The endocrine system is made up of the glands of the body and the hormones produced by these glands. The hormones are used to regulate the body to maintain homeostasis. Lymphatic System the lymphatic system carries interstitial fluid from cells and tissues back to the heart, Elements of the lymphatic system find and get rid of foreign bodies and invaders in the body. Muscular system This is responsible for the movement of and within the body. Comprised of three types of muscle; Visceral muscles – found inside the organs of the body(involuntary); cardiac muscle – found in the heart; skeletal muscle – attached to the skeleton and are the voluntary muscles. Define the signs and symptoms of heart failure and explain why these signs and symptoms occur. Fatigue /Weakness – Often experienced as heaviness of limbs and can be due to poor tissue perfusion of skeletal muscles due to poor cardiac output. (Medscape, 2014) Cardiac fatigue is different from normal fatigue as often progresses through the day and is not present in the morning. Due to reduced cardiac output throught the day and lack of oxygen. Confusion/memory impairment/anxiety/restlessness/insomnia. Due to impaired cardiac output throughout the day the brain may not receive enough oxygen and lead to these symptoms. Nocturia – (early stage heart failure)Caused by increased blood return to the heart when person is lying down which causes increased cardiac output, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration. Oliguria – (Late stage heart failure) – caused by decreased cardiac output and resultant renal failure. Orthopnea – Due to decreased pooling of blood in lower extremeties and also due to ascites, too much blood rushes back to the heart and it cannot cope with it through several processes the result is increased airway resistance leading to dyspnoea. (Medscape, 2014) Paroxysmal Nocturnal dyspnoea – This is a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, possibly due to increased airway resistance (See Orthopnea) (Mukerji., 1990) Abdominal Distention – Due to Ascites Abnormal Heart beat Atrial and Ventricular arrhythmias – Irregular pulse Due to disturbance in contractions of the heart Nausea Due to gastrointestinal problems with the digestive system not receiving enough blood and with the digestive system and liver becoming congested. Increase in blood pressure – Because the heart is not able to pump the blood around the body as effectively and an increase in fluid build up in the body the blood pressure increases. Shortness of breath/gasping for air –Due to acute pulmonary oedema where capillary fluid has moved into the alveoli. Chest Pain/Pressure – Can be due to either primary or secondary myocardial ischemia Cyanosis – due to acute pulmonary oedmea lack of oxygen throughout the body due to poor gas exchange. Palpitations – ‘It can be secondary to sinus tachycardia due to decompensated heart failure, or more commonly, it is due to atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmias.’ (Medscape, 2014) Weight gain – rapid weight gain is often observed in patients with heart failure due to fluid retention. Crackles in lungs – Can be Due to acute pulmonary oedema where capillary fluid has moved into the alveoli. Chronic Dry, non productive cough which becomes worse when patient is lying down – Congestion of the bronchial mucosa may causes bronchospasm which may cause wheezing and difficulty in breathing. Condition is sometimes called cardiac asthma. List the information taken on his admission that demonstrates these signs and symptoms. Sa02 – 87% on room air – this is too low and sign of poor oxygen saturation. B/P 90/40 – This is low, but may be due to his Lasix medication. Pulse – High – indication his heart may be working too hard or may be due to anxiety of admission and needs to be kept monitored Resps : very high – could be indication of potential cardiac arrest. Low Temperature : 35.8C can be associated with heart failure and worsening conditions (Medscape, 2013) (Cretikos, et al., 2008) To be noted : the above vital signs could also be indicative of asthma attack (Patient.co.uk, 2012) Circulation : He is hypertensive which, he has CCF and PVD Skin Integrity : Ulcer Lower leg, this could be a symptom of poor nutrition and circulation, which is a symptom of diabetes which is a risk factor of Heart failure. Nutrition : Diabetes and loss of appetite. Diabetes is key risk factor of CCF and loss of appetite is indicative of GI problems associated with heart failure Elimination : Constipated : This could be a sign of the digestive system not working properly due to lack of blood supply Mental State : Confusion could be a sign of lack of oxygen reaching the brain. Emotional Status : Anxiety of his condition could exascerbate his other feelings of anxiety Do you think the diabetes is related to the leg ulcer and amputated left toe? explain. Yes. The most common cause of chronic leg ulcers is poor circulation. Diabetics may have poor circulation due to the increased glucose in the blood and hardening of the blood vessels. This poor blood supply may lead to neuropathy and the nerve damage affects the condition of the skin. A non healing ulcer that causes severe damage to tissue and bone may need amputation. Mr Wrights amputated left toe may have been due to a non healing ulcer. (Mcnair, 2014) (American Diabetes Association, 2014) One of the medications he is taking is Lasix. What does Lasix do? Which body systems are affected by it? Explain why Mr Wright is ordered Lasix Lasix is a diueretic and is used to treat fluid retention in people with heart failure. Lasix is stops the body absorbing too much salt and rids the body of excess fluid and this can help the heart to pump more easily and can help regulate the blood pressure. Body Systems affected by Lasix are Cardiovascular system and Urinary system. List three conditions in Mr Wright’s relevant medical history that are commonly associated with ageing Arthritis Glaucoma Type 2 Diabetes What factors may impact on Mr Wright’s safety in hospital and when he returns home. Hospital: Confusion : Wandering with poor mobility (Patient.co.uk, 2011) Mobility: Falls risk MRSA Home: Falls Risk Confusion Diabetes Management Asthma Management Allergies(Confusion) Medications (Confusion) What other Health professionals will be involved in his care and what services can they provide for Mr Wright. Cardiologist : Management/ treatments for his CCF Rheumatologist : Care for his Arthritis Opthamologist : Care for his Glaucoma Diabetes Educator : Education and support for his Diabetes Dietician : Help with his diet in relation to his diabetes Podiatrist : Care for his feet, re. diabetes Physiotherapist : Help with mobility Nurse (RDNS): Help with care in the community GP : Treatment, consultations and advice in the community Respiratory Specialist : Consultations, and treatment re, respiratory issues. Phlebotomist : Re. regular blood monitoring Counsellor : Re. Mental health Social Worker : Re. possible support in the community i.e. meals on wheels, community involvement List the nursing documentation you would expect to be used in the care of Mr Wright: Admission Form Pain Observation Chart Fluid Balance Chart Medication Chart Neurovascular Chart Neurological Chart Care Plan Allergies Alert Record Form References: American Diabetes Association, 2014. Foot Complications. [Online] Available at: http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/foot-complications/ [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Cretikos, M. A. et al., 2008. Respitory rate the neglected vital sign. [Online] Available at: https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2008/188/11/respiratory-rate-neglected-vital-sign [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Human anatomy, 2010. Cardiovascular System. [Online] Available at: http://www.mananatomy.com/body-systems/cardiovascular-system [Accessed 7th March 2014]. Human Anatomy, 2010. Nervous System. [Online] Available at: http://www.mananatomy.com/body-systems/nervous-system [Accessed 7th March 2014]. Human Anatomy, 2010. Respiratory System. [Online] Available at: http://www.mananatomy.com/body-systems/respiratory-system [Accessed 7th March 2014]. Mcnair, D. P., 2014. Foot and Leg Ulcers. [Online] Available at: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/footandlegulcers.htm [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Medscape, 2013. Association of Low Body Temperature and Poor Outcomes in Patients Admitted With Worsening Heart Failure. [Online] Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/814981_4 [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Medscape, 2014. Heart Failure and Clincial Presentation. [Online] Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/163062-clinical [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Mukerji., V., 1990. Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea. [Online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK213/ [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Patient.co.uk, 2011. Delirium. [Online] Available at: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/delirium [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Patient.co.uk, 2012. Acute-severe asthma and status asthmaticus. [Online] Available at: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/acute-severe-asthma-and-status-asthmaticus [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Porth, C. M. Matfin, G., 2009. Chapter 26, Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock. In: H. Surrena, ed. Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered Health States. China: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp. 606-637. Taylor, T., 2013. Integumentary system. [Online] Available at: http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/integumentary#full-description [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Taylor, T., 2013. Urinary System. [Online] Available at: http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html#full-description [Accessed 9th March 2014]. 1

Economic Consequences of Software Crime Essay -- Economics Piracy Econ

Economic Consequences of Software Crime In 1996 worldwide illegal copying of domestic and international software cost $15.2 billion to the software industry, with a loss of $5.1 billion in the North America alone. Some sources put the total up-to-date losses, due to software crime, as high as $4.7 trillion. On the next page is a regional breakdown of software piracy losses for 1994. Estimates show that over 40 percent of North American software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industry's piracy losses occurred outside of North America. The Software Publishers Association (SPA) indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the North America was obtained illegally. In fact, 30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporate settings. In a corporate setting or business, every computer must have its own set of original software and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a single set of original software and then lo ad that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or distribute software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer. Many software managers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset management and costs to their organizations. Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software distribution and licensing. Information can qualify to be property in two ways; patent law and copyright laws which are creations of federal statutes, which are subject to Constitutional authority. In order for the government to prosecute the unauthorized copying of computerized information as theft, it must first rely on other theories of information-as-property. Trade secret laws are created by provincial law, and most jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of a trade-secret holder’s rights. The definition of a trade secret varies somewhat from province to province, but commonly have the same elements. For example, the information must be secret, not of public knowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business. A court will allow a trade secret to be used by someone who discovered or developed the trade secret independently if the holder takes adequate precautions to protect the secret. In 1964, the National Copyright Office began... ...hared by anybody that is involved with any aspect of the software industry. As the future of approaches, more and more people are gaining experience with technology. That experience doesn’t come without a price. That price is the power to manipulate technology for personal gain which usually results in a detriment –typically financial–to others. Bibliography: Brandel, William, "Licensing stymies users," URL:"http://www.viman.com/license/license.html#policy", Viman Software, Inc., 1994. Business Software Alliance, "Software Piracy and the Law," URL:"http://www.bsa.org/bsa/docs/soft_pl.html", Business Software Alliance, 1995. Software Publishers Association, "SPA Anti-Piracy Backgrounder," URL:"http://www.spa.org/piracy/pi_back.htm", Software Publishers Association, 1995. Business Software Alliance, "Did You Know?," URL:"http://www.bsa.org/cgi-bin-bsa.org/seconds.cgi?", Business Software Alliance, 1997. The Economist, "Slipping A Disk, " URL: "http://www.economist.com/issue/27-07-96/wbsfl.gif", The Economist, 1994. Business Software Alliance, "Software Piracy," URL: "http://www.bsa.org/privacy/privacy.html", Business Software Alliance, 1997.

Essay on Number Theory -- Mathematics Math

Research Paper Throughout math, there are many patterns of numbers that have special and distinct properties. There are even numbers, primes, odd numbers, multiples of four, eight, seven, ten, etc. One important and strange pattern of numbers is the set of Fibonacci numbers. This is the sequence of numbers that follow in this pattern: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, etc. The idea is that each number is the sum of its previous two numbers (n=[n-1]+[n-2]) (Kreith). The Fibonacci numbers appear in various topics of math, such as Pascal?s Triangle and the Golden Ratio/Section. It falls under number theory, which is the study of whole or rational numbers. Number Theory develops theories, simple equations, and uses special tools to find specific numbers. Some topic examples from number theory are the Euclidean Algorithm, Fermat?s Little Theorem, and Prime Numbers. Strangely, the Fibonacci numbers appear in nature too. One familiar way in which the Fibonacci numbers appear in nature is the rabbit family line (and bee family line as well). Another strange way in which the Fibonacci numbers relate to nature is the plant kingdom. Because of these strange relationships, I ask the question: How and why do the Fibonacci numbers appear in nature? In this paper, I will attempt to answer this question. Pascal?s Triangle - Golden Rectangle 2 The man behind the Fibonacci numbers, Leonardo Fibonacci, was born in Pisa in 1175 A.D. During his life, he was a customs officer in Africa and businessman who traveled to various places. During these trips he gained knowledge and skills which enabled him to be recognized by Emperor Fredrick II. Fredrick II noticed Fibonacci and ordered him to take part in a mathematical tournament. This place would eventuall... ...its relation to the Golden Angle, which appears in the primordia of plants in order to give the maximum number of primordia for plants. I like to think of an idea in the book, ?Life?s Other Secret,? which says that it?s not just Fibonacci Numbers that matter; it?s also the matter in which they arise (Stewart). 9 Works Cited Adam, John. Mathematics in Nature. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003. Knott, Ron. ?Fibonacci Numbers in Nature? 18, July 2005. 03, Aug 2005. Kreith, Kurt. COSMOS Professor. Davis, California. Muldrew, Lola. COSMOS Teacher Fellow. Davis, California. Stewart, Ian. Life?s Other Secret. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. University of Cambridge. ?The Life and Numbers of Fibonacci? Sep 1997. 03, Aug 2005. Essay on Number Theory -- Mathematics Math Research Paper Throughout math, there are many patterns of numbers that have special and distinct properties. There are even numbers, primes, odd numbers, multiples of four, eight, seven, ten, etc. One important and strange pattern of numbers is the set of Fibonacci numbers. This is the sequence of numbers that follow in this pattern: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, etc. The idea is that each number is the sum of its previous two numbers (n=[n-1]+[n-2]) (Kreith). The Fibonacci numbers appear in various topics of math, such as Pascal?s Triangle and the Golden Ratio/Section. It falls under number theory, which is the study of whole or rational numbers. Number Theory develops theories, simple equations, and uses special tools to find specific numbers. Some topic examples from number theory are the Euclidean Algorithm, Fermat?s Little Theorem, and Prime Numbers. Strangely, the Fibonacci numbers appear in nature too. One familiar way in which the Fibonacci numbers appear in nature is the rabbit family line (and bee family line as well). Another strange way in which the Fibonacci numbers relate to nature is the plant kingdom. Because of these strange relationships, I ask the question: How and why do the Fibonacci numbers appear in nature? In this paper, I will attempt to answer this question. Pascal?s Triangle - Golden Rectangle 2 The man behind the Fibonacci numbers, Leonardo Fibonacci, was born in Pisa in 1175 A.D. During his life, he was a customs officer in Africa and businessman who traveled to various places. During these trips he gained knowledge and skills which enabled him to be recognized by Emperor Fredrick II. Fredrick II noticed Fibonacci and ordered him to take part in a mathematical tournament. This place would eventuall... ...its relation to the Golden Angle, which appears in the primordia of plants in order to give the maximum number of primordia for plants. I like to think of an idea in the book, ?Life?s Other Secret,? which says that it?s not just Fibonacci Numbers that matter; it?s also the matter in which they arise (Stewart). 9 Works Cited Adam, John. Mathematics in Nature. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003. Knott, Ron. ?Fibonacci Numbers in Nature? 18, July 2005. 03, Aug 2005. Kreith, Kurt. COSMOS Professor. Davis, California. Muldrew, Lola. COSMOS Teacher Fellow. Davis, California. Stewart, Ian. Life?s Other Secret. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. University of Cambridge. ?The Life and Numbers of Fibonacci? Sep 1997. 03, Aug 2005.

Sex, Drugs, and Rock and Roll: American Youth Challenge Sexual Stereotypes

During the 1920s, some Americans—especially young college students—challenged traditional notions of proper behaviour. Encouraged by the decade’s prosperity, young people threw parties, drank illegal liquor, and danced new, sexually suggestive steps at jazz clubs. The 1920s saw a restless culture, spearheaded by America’s youth rebelling against the moral restrictions of past generations.After decades where a children directly married and entered adulthood the 1920s saw an emergence of a new group of people who were willing to push social norms, rebel against strict conservative values of their parents and shape culturally a relatively new society. The emergence of a youth culture was possible because of the rapid growth of sex, drugs and rock and roll; a time where conservative ideologies were imposed on liberal minds and a new rebellious youth society was born.The Sex: The flapper, one of the symbols of the 1920s, a new term used to describe a new group of young women who wore excessive makeup, drank, treated sex in a causal manner, smoke, drove automobiles and amongst everything discarded social and sexual norms. The typical flapper look was tomboyish and flamboyant: short bobbed hair; knee-length, fringed skirts, draping necklaces; and rolled stockings (Meyerowitz, 1275). The flapper’s behaviour was considered outlandish at the time, as it redefined women’s roles in society.These women began working outside of the home, thus challenging women’s traditional societal roles; they advocated for women’s rights and behaved in many circumstances like men. Although few women actually fit this image, it was used widely in journalism and advertising to represent the rebelliousness of the period. The flapper was portrayed in many Hollywood films and this new independent women attempted to empower other women to do the same. The introduction of flappers into daily life through media allowed for Americans to be int roduced to more liberal ways of thinking which allowed for the beginnings of the sexual revolution.Although all women were drawn to the rebellious ways of the flapper, many young urbanized women clung on to this new style of dress and behaviour and further questioned American social norms about sex and the role of women outside of the home. In addition with new social thinking and activities came new social conventions. Most prominently among the youth of the 1920s, sex became far less taboo than it had been previously. The sexual revolution was a social outlook that challenged traditional codes of behavior which related to sexuality and relationships between women and men.This revolution took place throughout the western world especially in the United States from the 1920s until the mid 1970s. Many of the changes brought about through the sexual revolution developed into new mainstream codes of sexual behavior. More and more of Americas youth both males and females alike were adopt ing these new sexual norms which were depicted in films and advertisements, this led to an increase in pre-marital sex and the introduction of casual dating into society.This increase in sex amongst non-married youth led naturally to the promotion of birth control, first with the condom, and secondly the birth control pill introduced in 1960 which allowed for women for the first time to choose if and when they wanted to become mothers (Tice, 153). These new methods of birth control brought with it changing ideas about women; female sexuality was less suppressed, skirt hems were worn higher, and makeup became more common.This change from a more conservative representation of women and men into a more risque depiction demonstrates a change in a societal and cultural outlook of what is acceptable. Jumping on this new more liberated bandwagon many companies depicted the new social norms in their advertisements Sex was more openly discussed and pre-marital sex more common; these new less traditional ideas about sex and sexual relationships was traveling fast across America to much dismay of the older more conservative generation.The TV, a device of ass communication along with other media outlets such as radios and magazines could broadcast information in a matter of seconds to millions of people; this large audience was broadcast ideas which transformed into social norms such as consumerism and sexual liberation. Sex and pre-marital relations were demonstrated in films, advertisements and talked about on the radio. People across the country were being introduced to these new less conservative ideas and a growing youth population was adopting these new values.Appendix A (a coke add from the 1030s) demonstrates the change in the way that women were portrayed in advertisements. The female character on the left from 1886 where she is fully clothed and proper, whereas the female character on the right from 1936, only 50 years later is dressed in only a bathing suit and is revealing much more skin. These advertisements demonstrated the change in society, through only 50 years what Americans deemed acceptable changed drastically and this is largely due to the sexual revolution started in part by America’s youth. The Drugs:Prohibition in the United States was a national ban, which made it illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport alcoholic beverages, went into effect from 1920 to 1933. Enforcement of prohibition, however, was sporadic, under funded and faced opposition in many northern states and cities. Bootleggers smuggled liquor from the West Indies and Canada, while â€Å"saloons† in every city provided alcohol illegally. Organized crime controlled the distribution of alcohol in major American cities, and gangsters such as Al Capone made a fortune while law enforcement officials often looked the other way.Capone’s income in 1927 was reportedly over $1 million, while the average American’s income was below $2,500 (Har ding, 1275-1276). Once again the more liberal minds of American youth along with many northerners who were apposed to this amendment refused to abide by these laws. Many southerners believed that the only behaviour associated with alcohol was mischief, fighting, gambling, and pre-marital sexual relations. The 1920s saw a growth of popular recreation, in part because of higher wages and increased leisure time.Mass circulation magazines like Readers digest and Time because hugely successful, radio rose in prominence as a source of news and entertainment, movies were an immensely popular leisure activity that children youths and adults alike all participated in and they all promoted the consumption of alcohol and tobacco (Glantz, 321). The ban on alcohol in America was lifted in part to attempt to restore economic prosperity during the great depression and in part to satisfy the desires of many liberal thinkers, northerners and youth who possessed a disregard for these constitutional a mendments.By the mid 1950s, when the consumption of alcohol was less taboo in the American society even Coca-Cola ads incorporated the use of their product with the sale and consumption of alcohol. Appendix B (coke add from the 1960s) demonstrates the willingness of Coca-Cola advertisers to associate their product with imported wines, and in later years Coca-Cola adds were associated with hard liquor stating that their product was â€Å"mixable†. The Rock & Roll: The 1920’s marked amazing changes to the already booming music industry, the introduction of the phonograph.This instrument allowed the distribution of music to flow much more freely, surpassing sales of both piano rolls and sheet music put together. The decade also marked the dawning of independent record labels which would in the latter part of the century spawn its own genre of music known as â€Å"Indy†. The two most popular form of music at the time was a typical ballroom style the bland boring son g of yesteryear, but then a sound was heard by the masses of which they never heard, it came booming from the bayou of a New Orleans and it was called jazz.Upon its first introduction to the masses jazz was a commercial success until the public found out that it was typically written and performed by African American artists. Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, and Duke Ellington all well known African American jazz artists preformed their upbeat melodies over the radio and in small bars giving a voice to African American culture and struggles (Aabery, 17). In and era of which racism was still rampant it was very difficult for the adult public to accept the music not for what it was but for who performed it.Alas it came down to America’s youth who finding jazz was similar in theory to their parents ballroom but with a more upbeat beat which encouraged dancing , the teens rebelled against their parents clear cut bigot beliefs and began listening to it giving jazz its true introduct ion into American homes in the late twenties. This was not the last time that teenage rebellion would give birth to new music trends . The 1960’s could easily be considered a time where rock and roll was truly born.The 1960’s bred an era of conformity men wore 3 piece suits day and night, women were stay at home mothers who’s place was in the kitchen and children were to abide my their parents wishes to the letter. A booming economy and a booming population the United States all was well though they were completely unaware that there was a pending invasion from Britain which would change their country in ways they could never imagine. The â€Å"British Invasion† began in late 1962 introducing a true rock band to American youths, The Beetles.Banned from their own country’s airwaves by their government the Beetle’s music debuted in the United States in the summer of 1962 igniting teens with a passion in which the likes would never be seen agai n. Banned in its own country and almost immediately band from every home by its adult occupants it was at first difficult to listen to until several business would play rock music in their stores to attract younger peoples business . Establishments like â€Å" Malt Shoppes† became places of congregation for teenagers looking to get a taste of their favorite drink and a bit of good old rock and roll.Soon the fandom of Americas youth became hysterical lines of screaming fans would wait all day to get a glimpse of their favorite bands, young women swooning and fainting at the mere sight of their idols who were in their parents minds the least reputable characters to ever look up to, they didn’t cut their hair, the wore strange clothes and spoke all to freely, traits which soon would be inherent in the majority of all American teens.This Also Gave birth the idea of free thinking teens who for the first time picked up an instrument and began to play because it was deemed co ol by the media, who rebelled not only against their parents particular views but the law, sit ins in parks, walk outs in schools and riots in the streets were just the beginning of what appeared to be a very long decade, until finally it all came to a boiling point in the penultimate year of the 1960’s.Until finally in 1969 it all boiled over on a 600 acre dairy farm in the town of Bethl, New York, Thousands of people flocked to see all of their favourite rock bands perform at what would come to be known as Woodstock, a festival that united for the first time in the history of the country people of every race, color, and gender all in one place for a single purpose, an event that would not be seen for nearly another 30 years (Pompper et Al, 276-279).Showing truly the power of individuality which the youth of America possessed to not survive but thrive in a sea of conformity of which their parents had built around them proving to the world that it could be changed. You would hardly be able to see a Coca-Cola add after the mid 1940s which was not directly advertised towards American youth. It was geared towards the new generation, full of liberal values and ideas of consumerism; they were for the first time in the history of America the â€Å"haves† as opposed to the â€Å"have nots†.Coca-Cola ads featured American hero’s such as baseball star Babe Ruth or boxer Jack Dempsey. Coca-Cola ads demonstrate the progression of many things throughout American life in the 20th century however evident is the transformation from a conservative adult run society to a more liberal youth orientated one. The introduction of sex, drugs and rock and roll into the American way of life by youths throughout the 2oth century has redefined social and sexual norms.

The Universal Effects of Animal Cruelty

Did you know that animals are not the only ones affected by animal cruelty? In fact, both animals and humans alike receive trauma and pain as a result of these atrocities. Many of these perpetrators involved in these harmful acts of abuse tend to not know the effects of their crimes and almost never have a good reason for doing so. Studies show that there are two types of animal cruelty: passive and active. Passive cruelty is not indirect abuse, but it involves neglect of caring for animals, whereas active cruelty is meant to purposely harm the animals and it is often associated with sociopaths. Animal cruelty is evident all around the world and includes: starving and not caring for domestic animals, testing products on animals, being utilized as shark bait, brutalizing and harming animals during film productions, and the notorious cruelty done for generation after generation without any particular reason. There has to be more laws implemented to stop harming animals overall, since the animals themselves are helpless in getting aid. Animals deserve just as much respect and rights to live in this world as humans do. Animals everywhere are just like humans and want to protect their loved ones. Animal cruelty is a worldwide issue that harms all living beings mentally and physically, therefore, in order to create a humane society for all organisms, it should altogether be stopped. First, many people think that hurting animals is harmless to us humans, but they are wrong, because many human serial killers began their first crime as animal cruelty which then graduated into human cruelty. There is a lot of evidence that shows that serial killers and abusers began with animal cruelty. If a human can abuse animals and show psychological issues, then it is possible that they can do the same harm to a human, which would solemnly cause not only harm to the animal society, but to the human society. Stopping animal cruelty and reporting people who do these malicious acts can possibly prevent human massacres as well as animal massacres. In 1997, Boston’s Northeastern University and the MSPCA did a study that found â€Å"70% of all animal abusers have committed at least 1 other crime and that 40% had committed violent crimes against humans† (Internet). This suggests that nearly half of the people that commit animal cruelty crimes also commit human cruelty crimes. Any kind of violence against a human being is inhumane and isn’t allowed, just as animal cruelty shouldn’t be allowed, seeing as many criminals have a tendency to follow up with human cruelty crimes. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebod were two high school students that killed 12 classmates and then committed suicide only after they had â€Å"bragged to friends about mutilating animals. If these acts had been reported to authorities and taken seriously, these two young men might have been put in a proper facility and helped, possibly avoiding the horrific massacre† (Internet). This suggests that the criminals aren’t the only ones who can prevent these kind of animal and human cruelty crimes, but bystanders and those who overhear people doing these such things can take one step forward and report these crimes. Given these type of examples, it should only be more motivation for every state, every country, and every continent to implement anti-animal abuse laws to save lives. Anybody can be helpful in saving many more animal lives as well as human lives, not just the government and the legal system, because animals and humans are always important to somebody. Second, most animal cruelty happens in a household and chances are there are children in these households that either grow up traumatized or influenced to repeat these atrocities. Children are more vulnerable to being corrupted from witnessing animal cruelty because these images stay with them as they grow older and they can possibly reenact these crimes themselves. The criminals either force the children in the household to watch the abuse take place or they abuse the children as well. This can cause trauma in young children, which causes them to grow up corrupted or chances are that â€Å"a child abusing an animal can grow up to be someone who commits other violent crimes† (Internet). This suggests that human children are also affected by animal cruelty as well as the animal victims. These children can be scarred for life, whether it’s mentally or physically. Children aren’t the only ones who have to observe animal cruelty going on, but they are the future of every generation and if they are broken at an early age, then they cannot make it in a stable life. Also, with a constant cycle of children witnessing animal cruelty and then committing to animal cruelty, there will only be more and more people affected by this and then it will be harder and harder to put an end to. Children at a young age will have to learn from somebody, if not their parents, and they â€Å"do not have ine control over their movements and impulses—they will want to treat their pets with love, but will need a little help from you to do it correctly† (Internet). This suggests that the adults and teenagers of the world can control how a child’s development turns out and if we do not perform animal cruelty acts in front of children then they will not be exposed to a harsh world as they grow up. The earlier we instill kindness into nurturing child development, the less they’ll turn out to be convicted of animal cruelty felonies. Third, passive and active cruelties are both common from people who only do it to feel a sense of power and authority, but that in itself is senseless since it still harms many animals and people. In most cases, â€Å"most animal abusers find some sort of fulfillment or power in torturing a victim they know can't fight back, which is why crimes like rape and child molestation are committed. † (Internet). This suggests that the abusers want to feel superior and want to harm their pets or wild animals just to achieve this sort of power. This would be considered an unfair fight when the perpetrator knows that the animal can’t do anything to defend itself and no one would be around to help it. As Jenny Leigh says, â€Å"It is our job to be the voice for creatures who cannot speak up for themselves† (Internet). People like Jenny are affected by the violent crimes done to animals and their disturbance makes them want to find ways to help these poor animals. In other cases, the animal abusers find it amusing to perform sadism on poor animals without considering how that animal feels. One way that one could feel control by hurting an animal is for example, when a husband may hurt the family pet in order to show his wife or kids what he is capable of doing to them whenever he gets angry enough. Another person may use his or her own pet to hurt other animals just to feel a gain of power and control. These kind of people â€Å"suffer from serious, psychological problems that will probably not go away on their own†¦. Without help, the psychological problems these people have can haunt them for their whole lives† (Internet). This evidence suggests that the people who intentionally hurt animals already have some psychological issues that make them the way they are. These people need help from psychologists and people that know that they have a problem with abusing animals should aid them in receiving help to solve their problems. Lastly, most people don’t understand that they actually take part in animal cruelty and these heedless actions cause much passive cruelty, if not any active cruelty. People that are harming the animals don’t even realize the consequences of their actions and they don’t understand that it is actually a really bad thing to do. It is senseless to allow people to carelessly roam around abusing animals without even thinking about it. While active cruelty is more common and disturbing, passive cruelty isn’t any less important. In fact, it can lead to â€Å"terrible pain and suffering, and ultimately death. Examples include starvation, dehydration, untreated parasite infestations, inadequate shelter in extreme weather conditions, and the failure to get medical care† (Internet). This evidence suggests that the owners of domestic animals harm their pets in their own ignorance and neglect. Animal shelters are designed to give unsheltered animals a chance to have a provided home with a caring owner, but with neglectful owners that commit passive cruelty to their pets, it is difficult to tell if the person the shelters give the animal to can be trusted. Whether it’s active or passive cruelty, people need to be fined or arrested for hurting any kind of animals. However, some people actually think that animal cruelty is good because killing animals such as cows and chickens provide food for humans. Some say that humans need animals for food and that it is inevitable for animal cruelty to come to a complete end when there are many people out there in the world who can’t give up eating meat. â€Å"For centuries people killed animals for food and never considered it cruel. It was just a survival† (Internet). This evidence suggests that as long as people feel that they need to eat meat in order to survive, animal cruelty will not be stopped. People see meat as a basic necessity for ensuring their survival when it comes to food, so they won’t think too hard on how guilty they should feel when they learn that animal cruelty is how their food is made. In spite of that, animal cruelty should still end, because everyone could always become vegetarians since it is healthier for our planet and ourselves. The manufacturing and producing of many meats or products derived from dead animals releases many greenhouse gases on our earth and contributes to even more global warming which will eventually harm all humans and animals alike. This â€Å"little† act of animal cruelty to provide food isn’t as big as a necessity when there are plenty of greens around and when many lives won’t be harmed in the making. In conclusion, animal cruelty hurts animals and humans respectively and must be stopped in order to achieve a humane societal world. This research is important because people need to know what happens in this world. People deserve to know the truth about how the world is running itself and rather than being lied to by the government, people can be educated and informed on these worldwide issues which can then motivate them to help stop it. People will realize what animal cruelty does to animals and humans altogether and they can protest to end it or have laws implemented to ban it. Many people are disturbed, traumatized, and angered by the violent animal cruelty acts but they have no kind of power in trying to stop it, so this would be really helpful for those who are in the unknown of this issue. Works Cited Information on Animal Cruelty ASPCA 13 April 2011 http://www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/info-animal-cruelty Through Their Eyes, The National Animal Abuse Registry 2004, 13 April 2011 http://www.inhumane.org Leigh, Jenny. Animal Cruelty Must Stop 13 April 2011 http://www.teenink.com/hot_topics/environment/article/90968/Animal-Cruelty-Must-Stop/ 11 Facts about Animal Cruelty 13 April 2011 http://www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-animal-cruelty Animals Used for Food PETA 13 April 2011 http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/default2.aspx Beaulne-Stuebing, Laura. What’s Good about Animal Cruelty? Thrust Labs 17 January 2008, 13 April 2011 http://stayingvegan.com/vegan-university/whats-good-about-animal-cruelty/ Talking to Kids about Animal Cruelty ASPCA 2011, 13 April 2011 http://www.aspca.org/fight-animal-cruelty/talking-to-kids-about-animal.aspx Chicken Cruelty http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00044/id42.htm

The history of special education

AbstractionThis essay will explicate how over the past 100 old ages particular instruction has become more diverse and invariably altering the manner handicapped pupils are being taught in public schools. How it views of the manner instructors are developing IEP programs for their pupils. I will explicate the different stages of particular instruction in its largest span of clip. It will discourse how the term† learned handicapped â€Å"was derived after it took the topographic point of phrase â€Å"brain injured† . And it will explicate the phases in which the IEP ‘s are developed and how a kid with particular demands should be taught to bring forth success. Additionally, this essay will discourse the tribunal instance of Brown v. Board of Education ‘s determination to demand that all particular demands kids be granted an chance to have a free and appropriate instruction. In past old ages people would lock their handicapped kids up in suites and insulate them from others because they were ashamed of them or because they were different and they did n't cognize how or what to make with them. This made affair worse, handicapped kids were left isolate and entirely, sometimes being abused physically and sexually, they were non considered human. This continued to go on until a few innovator, people who were advocators for kids with particular stood up for them and brought their instances to tribunal, but that ‘s something of the yesteryear now. The Torahs covering with particular instruction have changed for the better now. Particular instruction was one of the major country in instruction that was considered to be outraged and or considered to assist each other. Education for kids with acquisition jobs had emerged from no instruction for kids with particular demands to particular support for plans particularly for those persons with larning jobs. Mos tert, M. , & A ; Crokett, J. ( 2000, June ) The particular instruction for particular demands kids went through adult male Y phases before they were recognized by the tribunal systems. From 1800 ‘s to 1930 ‘s the first stage was called the foundation stage. This is when pupils who were identified and placed in particular instruction plans were treated and labeled as being brainsick, retarded, or encephalon dead. Some pupils were considered to hold some type of encephalon hurt because of the different research workers and surveies that have been performed on me. In the1930 ‘s to the 1960 ‘s. the passage stage began and this was considered to be the best clip of all time for these types of kids. They were taught were taught that they could n't truly assist these people. Researchers developed instruments for appraisals, analyzed specific types of larning jobs and besides presented a program for learning â€Å"brain injured† kids. At this phase the labeling of the kids with larning jobs was non every bit rough as â€Å"brain injured† . The pupils were called â€Å"children with minimum encephalon dysfunction† Then the turning stage for the instruction of pupils with larning jobs was subsequently called the Integration Phase which lasted from, 1960 ‘s to 1980 ‘s. Samuel Kirk, is responsible for the term â€Å"learning disabled† . He took those words and used it to replace the name of the first term â€Å"brain injury† . After this term took the topographic point of† encephalon injured† and minimum encephalon dysfunction† , it seemed like there was hope for kids with larning jobs. The U.S. legislative assembly began to acknowledge the rights of persons with disablements, which prevents schools from know aparting against particular needs pupils. The US legislative assembly Torahs demand that all of the rights be reserved for the rights of an person with particular demands to hold an appropriate instruction, even if the disablements are non covered under the particular needs jurisprudence. The instructors and pedagogues of particular needs pupils remain accountable for the appropriate instruction of these pupils, and they will be held accountable in the tribunal of jurisprudence even if it means losing their occup ation or locked up in gaol. Schools started set uping plans for the acquisition disabled. Support was provided for instructors to be trained in larning disablements. The most of import portion of the Integration Phase is the Education for All Handicapped Children Act ( PL 94-142 ) in 1975. This act was to guarantee that all pupils no affair what type of job they had would have a â€Å"free and appropriate public education.† ( IDEA, Individuals with Disabilities and Special Needs Act ) . The last stage is the Current Phase, from the 1980 ‘s to the present. One of the most of import stages in the plan is inclusion. Inclusion is when schools mainstream pupils into regular categories pupils with disablements in regular schoolrooms in their vicinity schools, with collaborative attempts and support services as needed for each single pupil. Another facet of the Current Phase is when the EMA of 1975 was written as IDEA in 1990. IDEA, persons with Disabilities Education Act, made it difficult to suspend or throw out pupil s with larning disablements because of their behaviour. IDEA besides required that each acquisition disabled kid have an IEP, Individual Education Plan. An IEP is a papers that must include current public presentation of the pupil, the one-year ends the pupils need to accomplish, particular instruction and related services. This Plan besides included the kid demands, engagement, if any, with nondisabled kids, alterations needed to take province trial, day of the months and topographic points of when and where particular services will be provided and the mensurating advancement of the kid, and any particular adjustments that the kid may necessitate. Before a pupil can hold an IEP, they foremost must be labeled as a pupil with a learning disablement. The parents, particular instruction instructors, the school counsel counsellor, regular instructor, the school ‘s psychologist, and the rule are ever notified and included in the programs for this meeting. There are phases to calculate out whether or non a kid has a learning disablement and need particular services. The first phase is detecting if a pupil is holding trouble in one or more capable countries. The following measure is to measure the kid ‘s suspected disablement country, but before this can take topographic point the school must have permission from the parents to measure the kid. The eligibility is decided by a group of qualified professionals along with the parent to find if the kid has a disablement defined in IDEA. If the kid is found eligible, the IEP squad will run into to discourse and compose and IEP for the handicapped kid within 30 yearss of the pupil being identified as handicapped. The IEP squad meeting is held and the IEP is written in collaborative attempts from all members of the IEP squad. ( U.S. Department of Education, 20, Feb, 2001 ) Services are so provided for the pupil. At the terminal of the twelvemonth, advancement is measured and the IEP is r eviewed. After this procedure takes topographic point, every three old ages the pupil is reevaluated. By jurisprudence certain persons must be involved in the authorship of a kid ‘s Individual Education Program. Parents must be involved because they know their kid and what their kid may necessitate. Regular instruction instructors, if the pupil will be mainstreamed into regular schoolrooms some clip during the twenty-four hours, are a demand on the squad, because they know the general course of study of the pupil. They besides have cognition of how to manage pupils with behavior jobs. The following member of the IEP squad should be a particular instruction instructor. This individual will be able to lend their cognition in how to modify general course of study and proving to assist the particular demands kid learn and demo what they have learned. The particular instruction instructor besides has the duty to learn the pupil and transport out the IEP procedure. The persons invol ved in the IEP squad are single who can construe ratings result ‘s, represent the school system, persons with cognition of particular expertness about the kid ‘s, representatives from transitional service bureaus and the pupil who the IEP is being written for. In decision, particular instruction has gone through many stages and phases of the manner a kid should be taught in the past decennary. The jurisprudence has made a way for those with larning jobs and now there is non halting them. Children with larning disablements eventually have a opportunity to stand out in school and the Torahs have made it possible for them to take advantage of the chances for them to hold normal life.

Analysis of the Communist Manifesto

Analysis of The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx and Freidrich Engles, The Communist Manifesto is an announcement of the aims of a communist organization. It has also functioned as an explanation of the ideas that form the foundation of communist and socialist philosophy. It begins with the view of history as a class struggle. With Karl Marx’s view of history class struggle, there are two classes in constant battle. First it was the master slave relationship, then follows peasant and nobility, on down to the bourgious and the proletarait.It was a struggle between the oppressed and the oppressor, the owner and the owned. One class exploited the other because their relationships were completely opposed. This would create a merchant class and a working class from the struggle between the peasant and the nobility. But Marx and Engles felt that at some point the working class would eliminate all the remaining classes. If there was only one class, there wouldn’t be a class strug gle. There would no longer be a need for money, religion, nation-states and governments.Marx and Engels actually believed that they had discovered a method that could be applied in a scientific manner to the businesses of the world. It has been well over 100 years since the publication of the Communist Manifesto and there are many arguments as to why this method has never taken place and many argue over what made the plan unsuccessful. It may be that some of the assumptions for example, the labor theory of value were mistaken. Or the problem with the Marxian ideas set in the manifesto might be that Marx misunderstood which class would ultimately incorporate all the others.He was under the impression that laborers must ultimately take over the means of production and in doing so terminating the capitalist system. What he could not understand was that the means of production would become less and less expensive all the time due to efficiencies in production such as technology. He coul dn’t predict the arrival of computers and tools that would greatly reduce the costs of labor. The Communist Manifesto ideas are worthy of study because there are economic and historical truths within it. The first section introduces the Marxian idea of history as a class struggle.Marx and Engels were the first to put forward the notion that the working class is exploited by the bourgeoisie. With a labor theory of value where the value of goods and services is based on the amount of labor that is put into them, all the surplus that goes to the capitalist as profits is in reality the â€Å"property† of the working class who created that wealth. The second section of the Communist Manifesto addresses the nature of the new working class which he calls the proletariat. He looks at its implications for the advancement of society, including the abolition of property and family.This section also stresses a kind of Ideal that can only be brought about by violence and conflict w ith the working class taking power from the bourgeoisie (the owners of the means of production). This conflict is anticipated also to bring about the end of nation-states and, ultimately, all forms of government, bring about a worker's paradise. Parts 3 and 4 of the Communist Manifesto are more cryptic and relate more with the politics of the age and topographical region in which the document was written in 1848.Section 3 discusses the various forms of socialism, feudal socialism, petty-bourgeios socialism, and â€Å"true† socialism. Part 4 goes on to show how these different groups inter-relate. Ultimately, Marx and Engles, wrote about communism, a society where classes were eliminated, people were seen as equals and work was distributed as such. The manifesto urged the proletarait to revolt, it expressed the wrong doings and downfalls of the â€Å"evil† bourgious and created a paradise for the working class and gave theories on change for the better. The document end s with a stirring shout, â€Å"Working men of all countries, unite! â€Å"

A Midsummer Nights Dream Analysis

There are many instances where the love potion â€Å"love-in-idleness is used in the play. The function of this love potion is to make someone fall in love with the first person/creature the see when awoken. The first instance where the love potion is used is when Oberon put’s the love potion on Titania’s eyes. The reason for this was is simply because Titania refuses to hand over the changeling boy. Oberon thinks that if Titania is so infatuated, she will be willing to hand over the changeling boy. Fortunately for Oberon, this is exactly what happens. The second time when the â€Å"love-in-idleness† potion is used is when Oberon orders Puck to place the love potion on Demetrius’ eyes, so he may fall in love with Helena. However, this is not what takes place. Puck accidently places the love potion on Lysander’s eyes instead of Demetrius’, this cause Lysander to fall in love with Helena. The third occurrence where the love potion was used is when Oberon puts the love potion on the correct male, Demetrius. Although Demetrius is now in love with Helena, so is Lysander. This leads to a conflict where Helena thinks the two males are plotting and making fun of her. Puck realizes that he has done wrong, and puts an antidote on Lysander’s eyes, so when he awake he will be in love with Hermia again. Another time where the love potion is used is very different. A potion isn’t being used to make people fall in love; instead it is to make them fall out of love. This potion is an antidote to the â€Å"love-in-idleness† potion. Oberon places the antidote on Titania’s eyes, out of pity, since she has handed over the changeling boy and has fallen in love with an ass. When Oberon places the antidote on Titania’s eyes that was the last time any potion was used. However, Demetrius is the only one still under a spell. b) The love potion adds to the plot of the play by giving us hints of what to expect next in the play and also complicating the plot. An example of where this idea is portrayed is when the â€Å"love-in-idleness† potion was mistakenly placed on Lysander’s eyes instead of Demetrius’. This lead to Lysander falling in love with Helena, and out of love with Hermia. This leaves Helena and Hermia confused. Later on, Oberon also places the love potion on Demetrius’ eyes, so instantly he falls in love with Helena as well. Helena now believes that Hermia, and the two males are making fun of her. Helena chides Hermia for treating their friendship so lightly, and the Demetrius and Lysander are ready to fight for Helena’s love. Hermia now believes that Helena has stolen Lysander from her. Hermia becomes furious and is ready to fight the two males then quickly become angry and go off into the forest to fight. Helena then runs off scared. This part of the play shows how one little mistake in the placing of the potion can lead to such huge complications. However, this is a good way to develop the plot of the play because when there are complications there must also be resolutions. c) The love potion helps us to understand the nature of human affections by showing the audience how irrational, the lovers think and act when they are in love. Helena, Hermia, Lysander, Demetrius, Hippolyta, and Bottom do some very crazy things when infatuated. This is idea was depicted with the love of Bottom and Hippolyta. Bottom was so caught up in infatuation that he began to lose himself as individual. He became very conceited, and was also very oblivious. Bottom was completely unaware about his appearance of being an ass, the entire time he was in love with Titania. Although Bottom was itchy and craving hay, he still had no idea he was an ass. However, Bottom wasn’t the only one who was very oblivious. Titania was also absent minded that she was in love with an ass. She was also so in love with Bottom that she gave up the changeling boy to Oberon. Other evidence that lover act irrational when in love is with Hermia. Hermia was willing to fight one of her good friends for Lysander. Although Helena seems to be the coward and the peacemaker, Hermia on the other hand is ready to fight her. Hermia says â€Å"I am not yet so low but that my nails can reach unto thine eyes. † This statement by Hermia, shows how violent she can be. This new side of Hermia that the audience sees is all brought out by love affections. The love potion certainly gives us an idea of the irrational behavior of the human nature when in love.